Roman City Planning Essay -- Rome History Roman Historical Essays

Roman City Planning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The design and structure of a city is as important as the people who dwell within her walls. The placement of streets and the structures built there are carefully plotted for optimal use. Foot and cart traffic, fire hazard, and access to water were all key factors in city planning. Eventually the Romans had fine tuned their design principals in such an advantageous way that they molded all of their city states similarly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rome developed from the combination of small farming communities around a hilltop fortification. The city, which was founded before regularized city planning, consisted of a confusing maze of crooked and gnarled streets. The focal point of which was the city’s forum, the main meeting place and site of the many religious and civic buildings such as the Senate house, records office, and basilica. (Rich, 20) Augustan Rome, with a population estimated at between 700,000 and one million, was the only megalopolis in the West. Rome’s street plan, which at its greatest extent had 85 km of road, was an irregular maze. Most streets were footpaths or could accommodate only one cart at a time. The central city had only two viea (streets on which two carts could pass each other), on opposing sides of the main forum. (Nicholas, 6) A law passed under Julius Caesar, which was still in force well after his death, stated that carriages were forbidden to use these streets by day, since it was found that there was not room in them both for wheeled vehicles and pedestrians. Public streets would be decorated with marble and stone, some houses, as they decayed, have revealed alleyways and passages that existed before reconstruction. (Bowra, 34) Main streets were often designed carefully to accentuate the housing and monuments that would appear on any given street. Side streets would often be no more than passages, with flights of steps, and sometimes scarcely broad enough for two people to pass in comfort. Many streets were colonnaded; a Roman technique intended to bring shape to shadow and direct light through the streets. Earlier centuries used the stoa, or free-standing portico, to give effects of light and shade to their constructions. It is suggested that the colonnaded street developed out of the stoa; and partly also, perhaps, out of the thrifty use of available space, with the upper stories of houses jutting forw... ...ordinated plan of the city. The main streets led directly from the center of town to the gates, and the pomerial road ran around the city immediately inside the walls. (owens, 150) Rome was a living organism constantly changing and evolving as all cities do. However, the design and structure of Rome was born out of knotted roots. The placement of streets and the structures grew from dirt roads to paved passage ways meant to convey movement and beauty. Key factors in city planning revolved around the citizens and their needs. The Roman design principals forged a template by which all of their city states were similarly molded. Works Cited Bowra, Maurice Et. Al. Golden Ages of the Great Cities. London, England: Thames and Hudson, 1951. Morris, AE. History of Urban Form. London, England: George Godwin LTD, 1972 Nicholas, David. The Growth of Medieval City: From late Antiquity to Early Fourteenth Century. New York, NY: Longman Publishing, 1997. Owens, E. J. The City in the Greek and Roman World. London, England: Routledge Publishing, 1991. Rich, John & Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew. City and the Country in the Ancient World. London, England: Routledge Publishing, 1991.

Importance of Communication Skills

STUDENT NAME: NYAGOL ONYANGO BRIAN ADM NO. :EC/16/11 COURSE CODE: IRD 107 COURSE TITLE:COMMUNICATION SKILLS WORK:ASSIGNMENT. TITLE:IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS TO A UNIVERSITY STUDENT LECTURER: MR. KHWALIA DATE OF SUBMISSION: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦/†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. /†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ STUDENT SIGNATURE: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS TO A UNIVERSITY STUDENT. Communication skills are the skills that every individual requires in order to send information to an audience in the most efficient way and receive information from a sender and interpret it correctly. A university student is in dire need of good communication skills to help him/ her undertake all fields of activities in the university including social and academic fields. This is because he/ she will be required to communicate in the most accurate and efficient way to make sure that the information sent or received is perceived in the intended manner. To start with, communications skills will help a student to have good listening habits in class. This will ensure that the student gunners a lot from what he/ she is taught in class since she learns to fully concentrate in the lectures and their subsequent subject matter. Among the skills that will help the student is listening carefully, asking questions, requesting for clarification, responding accordingly, among other things. Communication skills will be very vital for any university student who is a leader. To ensure that all their followers and supporters get them clearly, and interpret their words, gestures and facial expressions correctly, the student has to know how and when to apply these in the communication process. Without appropriate communication skills, the students may risk losing supporters or derailing the people’s confidence in him/ her. The life of a student in the university involves entry into various offices like deans’ offices, lecturers’ offices, Vice Chancellors’ offices, security offices and so on. The student will only get the expected information from the people he/ she finds in the offices if only appropriate communication skills are employed. The student has to ensure that the correct enquiry or question is asked. The student has to give full details of events especially in security offices when reporting a case in order for the correct follow up to be undertaken. Academic life of a university student also entails discussion, public speaking and presentation or research projects and group assignments. The student with good communication skills will deliver his/ her content correctly, in a chronologically planned order and confidently in front of other students. This will ensure that fear in him/ her does not distract the audience from getting the message being communicated by the student. Lack of communication skills may make the student express the information wrongly and hence wrongly interpreted by the audience. Communication skills are also vital to university students in their social relations to their fellows. This comes whenever there is any disagreement on an issue, an extended argument, or a conflict between two or more students. Good communication skills help in conflict resolution and effecting negotiations. When communication skills are implemented at such times, several damages are barred such as fights, insults and even mob actions. For example a student resolving conflict between two other students will ask questions from both parties and evaluate their responses effectively in order to come up with the best solution which suits both parties. University students stay together like four or three students in one room. Angry face all the time, quarrelling at high tones, making noise, are examples of lack communication skills that interfere with the harmonious living if such students together. However, absence of these will leave the students at ease in living together with one another and make them be able to communicate effectively and assist each other in many ways. In conclusion, communication skills are as well important to a university student as academic skills. It is evident that without good communication skills, a student may not be able to acquire knowledge effectively, may get into dangers of misunderstanding and commotions, not get intended replies in university offices, lead an unsuitable social life and many other disadvantages. All students should therefore strive to equip themselves with appropriate communication skills to ease their academic and social life in the university.

Sex Education A High Amount Of Controversy - 1580 Words

When sex education was first introduced into the school system there was a high amount of controversy. Many parents disagreed with the idea of the school teaching their children about sex, but some parents were in agreement with the benefits that sex education would offer their children. The idea of teaching sex education offered many probable benefits, such as introducing children to contraception and the risks of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) at a young age could help to prevent teen pregnancy or an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. Sex education offers many benefits to the children who are enrolled in the classes, but some people are not able to see the ways that the class can help the children; they only see the†¦show more content†¦The difference between what is taught in the schools and what is taught at home depends on the parents. Many parents only teach what they believe to be the best solution; for example, some parents may teach that the only way s omeone could prevent premarital pregnancy is to remain abstinent until after he or she is married. Religious beliefs may also affect the ideas that the parents wish the children to have about sex. As a result of the different views and the unsatisfactory results of the parent-taught sex education, there was a survey on the proposal of a sex education program for the parents. The results stated, â€Å"A majority of respondents (68%) agreed many parents would benefit from a sex education program for parents. Only 6% disagreed with this statement† (Marsman 360). After viewing the results, educators can see that over half of the parents would take a course that their children are taking because of the usefulness of the sex education program. In the sex education courses there are many subjects that the educators feel uncomfortable teaching because of the public’s reaction to the course. For a clearer view at what the sex education course includes Kirby Douglas and Peter S cales wrote about the state guidelines in regards to the class. The study of the guidelines took place after they sent selected individuals in the Department ofShow MoreRelatedSingle Sex Schools : Primary Schools946 Words   |  4 PagesSingle-sex schools, specifically primary schools, are more beneficial to students because they facilitate higher test scores, superior academic outcomes, and greater engagement in school activities. Parents and educators have debated since the early nineteenth century whether to educate students in single-sex or co-ed schools. Currents studies have shown that single-sex schools achieve higher in academic success. Students with higher academic success become adults with a brighter future that canRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Is A Vicious Cycle1556 Words   |  7 Pagesteens often must resort to dropping out of school to care for their child; out of the total number of high school dropouts, a third report parenthood as their reason (Tara Culp-Ressler). By the time the teen mothers are 22, only 50% of them have received a high school diploma, and an even lower percentage has completed a 2-4 year college program (youth.gov). As a result there is a drop in education rates amongst the Arizona public. This hinders the jobs available to state residents and ultimately hurtsRead MoreEssay on Teen Pregnancy: More Education is Needed1174 Words   |  5 Pagesconsequences and reality of teen pregnancy, abstinence education and sex education can be introduced to steer teens in a better direction and help them to decide the appropriate outcome for their babies. Multiple teens are conceiving a day resulting in just as many births a day. This problem exists due to sexually active teens. Each year, some 2,600,000 teenagers become sexually active-a rate of 7,000 per day (Abstinence Education Reduces Teen Pregnancy 1). Being sexually active isn’tRead MoreComprehensive Sexual Education Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesand the bees is the quintessential â€Å"sex talk† that most parents give to their children when they think the time is right. However, the typical sex talk in schools is quite different than what most parents prefer. Seventy five percent of parents want their children to be taught using the comprehensive sexual education curriculum. Only 15% of parents support abstinence only education (Kelly). Goldman writes in his article, Sex Education, comprehensive education is much more than what many peopleRead MoreEssay on Emergency Contraception871 Words   |  4 PagesStates. Emergency contraception continue s to be a highly emotional and controversial issue, both for advocates who believe EC will lower the number of unintended pregnancies and abortions, and for opponents who believe that using EC amounts to an abortion. The controversy fueling this debate centers around one of the ways that emergency contraception works. Emergency contraception can prevent or delay ovulation, affect the movement of the egg or sperm: making them less likely to meet, it can also interfereRead MoreWhy Gender Neutral Restrooms Are A Controversy1387 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Gender Neutral Restrooms Are A Controversy Some people may be confused as to why gender neutral bathrooms are a controversy. This controversy stems from the trans* rights movement’s desire for safety and acceptance. Trans*, short for transgender, is an umbrella term that is used to describe people who identify as a gender they were not assigned at birth, this includes female to male, male to female, agender, and non-binary individuals while cisgender, cis for short, is used to describe someoneRead More Title IX and Impacts on Womens Education Essay examples1160 Words   |  5 Pagesimpacts on women and their education HISTORY: Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 is the landmark legislation that bans sex discrimination in schools, whether it is in academics or athletics. Title IX states: No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal aid. Athletics has created the most controversy regarding Title IX, butRead MoreSex Culture And Its Effects On America1647 Words   |  7 Pagespeople debating over abortion, sex culture, genetic engineering, and sexual orientation. Some things I believe are hands down, no question, wrong, but most I believe are just part of changing times and beliefs. The American Culture war somewhat divides the country, and as Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"A house divided against itself cannot stand.† We must find a way to bring our country to an equal, civil standing, as it is needed, without disregarding our enabled rights. Sex Culture in America startedRead MoreDania Jaser. Educational Psychology 2242. Kristen Kwasny.1734 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology 2242 Kristen Kwasny 3 March 2017 Are Single-sex schools better? Recently single-sex schools have made a comeback, and this has raised the question of whether they are better than coeducational schools. In single-sex educational systems, male and female students are separated and taught in different school buildings or classrooms. In a historical point of view, only boys were given the opportunity to pursue formal education in the United States. Schools for women began to spread inRead MoreDispute between Japan and China1288 Words   |  5 Pagesforbidden to show in the public by the government. Those scenes only are showed in the horrible movies, so when I go through all those details, I cannot imagine how desperate Chinese were and how cruel aggressors were. Later on, they forced amounts of women and girls to be sexual slavery during the world War Two. Those women and girls were called â€Å"Comfort women†. According to the University of New York at Buffalo professor Yoshiko Nozaki, the majority of the women were from Korea and China;

English Segment 1 Study Guide - 1694 Words

Segment 1 Guided Note-taking Sheet I.Laughter Pun a. Definition Play in words b. Example Writing with a broken pencil is pointless Malapropism a. Definition misusing words ridiculously b. Example Listen to the blabbing brook Understatement a. Definition A figure of speech making a statement less or more important than it really is. b. Example Its sprinkling outside when its actually poring rain. Oxymoron a. Definition Words that conflict each other b. Example Chewy like a solid but juicy like a liquid Verbal Irony a. Definition When someone says one thing but means another. b. Example Saying Yeah, Right when you mean no Situational Irony a. Definition an outcome that turns out to be very†¦show more content†¦In a professional letter (Lesson 1, Reflect tab), the most popular type of format is the block format in which every line is left justified. 3. Professional letters contain two addresses. The first one is the return address; the second is the business. 4. The salutation of the professional letter is punctuated with a colon at the end. 5. After the body of a professional letter, the closing will include a signature followed by the sender’s typed name and address. 6. When a story is written in first person point of view, the reader often feels closer to the narrator because he/she shares his/her thoughts and feelings. 7. When a story is written in the omniscient point of view, the reader will have a variety of reactions to different characters because he/she knows a lot of information about all of them. 8. An author creates a fast pace in a story by using short phrases or sentences, as well as paragraphs. 9. An author creates a slow pace by using long, descriptive sentences; punctuation that makes the reader pause (such as comasShow MoreRelatedForeign Language Literacy And Its Effect On The Culture Of Cambodia1554 Words   |  7 Pageswas adopted from their neighboring countries and its former colonizer. French was introduced to formal education during the independence period in 1960s. Currently, the second phase Upper Secondary Education curriculum requires 4 lessons of either English or French. Visitors in Cambodia do not only come to see the natural assets and historical sites of Cambodia but they also enjoy the hospitality of the Khmers who make the effort to learn foreign languages. Hence, foreign language literacy playsRead MoreAre Writing Deficiencies Creating A Lost Generation Of Business Writers?1088 Words   |  5 PagesComposing aptitudes are more critical for the states than the private segments, yet a significant mass of representatives don t meet the state s desire on composing Language structure is a vital part in composing methodology. The methodology of showing viable syntax is still in civil argument.. Research information demonstrates that guidelines based methodology appeared to be inadequate. They expressed that the most English instructors don t see themselves as a language structure police, andRead MoreReasons For Social Science Research Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pagesgiven a very concise definition of quantitative research as a type of research that is `explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics). The number of phenomena we can study in this way is almost unlimited, making quantitative research quite flexible. However, not all phenomena are best studied using quantitative methods. While quantitative methods have some notable advantages, they also have disadvantages. This meansRead MoreJob Search For A Job1372 Words   |  6 PagesJob hunting 1. Look good on paper. It s the person (i.e. the recruiter or hiring manager) who gets you the job, but it s the resume/cv that gets us the interview. Therefore, I still need to polish my CV and update it. Interview skills 1. SEARCHING FOR ROLES. Many jobs are filled before they are advertised. So I think it is important to use a range of different job searching techniques to increase my chances of gaining employment. It can show the employer that you want the job and interest inRead MoreReading Is A Dynamic Goal Of Education1525 Words   |  7 PagesTherefore, there are a lot of reading series that improves children’s reading proficiency, however, the Real Kids Readers are the greatest language arts curriculum based book series for preK-3rd grades that practices a significant phonics centered study. Phonics is defined as a technique of teaching individual to read by connecting sounds (phoneme) with letters (grapheme) or a group of letters in an alphabetic writing system, thus Real Kids Readers book series provides the phonics instruction approachesRead MoreAfrican Learners And Native Speakers Essay4581 Words   |  19 Pageswriting is an important field of study that is lik ely to have implications for discourse competence both at the sentence-level discourse and at the level of larger discourse structure. The present study aims to account the use of discourse connective but in the argumentative essays written by non-native learners of English (NNS) and native speakers of American English (ALOCNESS). The patterns of use by L2 learners are compared with those of native speakers. The study reveals that the argumentativeRead MoreRetirement Planning : Teens And Financial Education1519 Words   |  7 Pagesliteracy has been growing over the years. This interest has resulted in many studies being conducted centered on measuring, among other things, attitude towards money, financial risk tolerance (FTR) and the ability to convert knowledge into behavior. In particular, the focus for many research today concerns the ability for an individual to save for retirement over a period of time. Gale, Harris and Levine in their 2012 study pointed out evidence to support the claim that a relatively large portionRead MoreProstate Cancer : The Most Prevalent Nonskin Cancer1659 Words   |  7 Pages2012, an anticipated 241,740 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed in the United States. Most frequently diagnosed age of men are 65 years or older, the numbers begin to increase at the age of 50. The American Cancer Society calculates that 1 in 6 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifespan. (ACS, 2011) Prostate Cancer is the most common cancer involving men and the second leading cause of cancer death among American men. Medical specialists have been treating patientsRead MoreThe Role Of The Reading Specialist1827 Words   |  8 Pagesenhance instruction within content area learning and literacy competence, as well as identifying research initiatives, which have a profound impact upon teaching, and learning of reading and the language arts. Reading Comprehensive Exam Question #1 As a literacy professional, describe how you could encourage and support content-area teachers as they integrate literacy instruction in their content- area classrooms. What specific strategies would you include before, during, and after instructionRead MoreTo What Extent Can Organisational Culture Be Managed? Is Organisational Culture Critical to the Success of an Organisation?1417 Words   |  6 Pagesover-used and under defined (Preston 1993). Organisational structure is socially created and bounded by the values, stories, myths, rituals and ceremonies that is influential to the success of an organisation. However problems arise as to whether the studies of organisational culture can be created, measured or manipulated. This is distinguished through the borrowed concept of culture derived mostly from anthropology and sociologists. This theoretical notion underlines the danger, that the borrowed concept

Modernism Essay examples - 3205 Words

Modernism Modernism is defined in Merriam-Websters Dictionary as a self-conscious break with the past and a search for new forms of expression. While this explanation does relate what modernism means, the intricacies of the term go much deeper. Modernism began around 1890 and waned around 1922. Virginia Wolf once wrote, In or about December, 1910, human character changed. (Hurt and Wilkie 1443). D.H. Lawrence wrote a similar statement about 1915: It was 1915 the old world ended. (Hurt and Wilkie 1444). The importance of the exact dates of the Modernist period are not so relevant as the fact that new ideas were implemented in the era. Ideas that had never before been approached in the world of literature suddenly began emerging†¦show more content†¦Stepping outside of the box, they wrote what they perceived in their own minds to be reality. The readers in turn were given a new form of literature that was not written on the basis of beliefs that earlier had seemed indisputable. Not only were old belief systems disregarded, they were openly opposed. Even more surprising, the new thoughts were acceptable, and in turn provided an alternative route for thinking that had not formerly been considered. Anti-Realism is another feature of Modernism. This element included the use of myth and allusion in writing. Description was a prominent feature in literature before the Modernist period; writers had set the scene using an exactness that left little room for a readers imagination. With Modernism emerged the allusion, which meant that only certain aspects of the setting or scene were revealed. This provided freedom for the reader to think about what the author was presenting through the text. The work was created through the inner feelings and workings of the characters and the symbols hidden in the plot and setting. The way themes and points of view were selected went against the earlier convention also. Sigmund Freuds Interpretation of Dreams in 1899 opened the door to previously undiscovered value in the human unconscious. This led to a whole new emphasis of individualism in both the writer and the reader, who were given free reign to explore not only who a character wasShow MoreR elatedModernism : Modernism And Modernism901 Words   |  4 Pagesmoving from Modernism to Postmodernism. Modernism s birth is somewhat controversial but our text puts it at 1910. Paul Cezanne, who was closely tied with Cubism, has been credited as one of the fathers of Modernism. A lot was changing during this period which produced a slew of new styles such as, Post Impressionism, Symbolism, and Surrealism to name a few. Modernism thrived from the early 20th century until the period denoted by World War II at which point it fell out of favor. Modernism was characterizedRead MoreModernism And Modernism : Postmodernism And Postmodernism1632 Words   |  7 PagesModernism is what most people describe as what came before postmodernism. For this essay I will first be looking at what the meaning of modernism and postmodernism is and I will also be looking at the different factors of both modernism and postmodernism and why modernism has declined and has been rejected. I will also be researching on how modernism and postmodernism started and why it started and for this I will be looking at different characteristic of both modernism and post modernism and compareRead MorePost Modernism Modernism1876 Words   |  8 Pagesis looking at the world producing different knowledge in different ways and this different perspective come to be associated with their own concepts amp; theories. (Hatch amp; Cunliffe 2006) In my essay, I will use three perspectives which is modernism, symbolic interpretive and postmodernism and show their different views on the role of technology in organisations and why they hold them. Then, I will analyse each perspective to what they have to say on this issue and why do they say it. TheRead MoreModernism Movement : High And Low Modernism1277 Words   |  6 Pagesthem was more influential? An evident answer to these questions is through the exploration of Modernism movement: High and Low Modernism. World War I not only stimulated rapid advances in human technologies but also aroused new radical approaches to the political, industrial and social world. As consequences to these approaches, the ideology for â€Å"history and tradition† had been crucially challenged. Modernism is a movement with collections for activities and creations that explicitly rejecting the existedRead MoreModernism And Modernism Essay1885 Words   |  8 Pagesthey effected the period in which they were born. From doing this, we can show the impact of them effected not only in the sixties, but also today. The first genre of fiction that was born during these times was Postmodernism. Its predecessor, Modernism, also came from the events that were happening around the world, especially through the newfound interconnectedness with different nations through new technological communications, and through easier and safer travel. Through this, the world experiencedRead MoreModernist Modernism : High Modernism Vs. Low Modernism1944 Words   |  8 Pages Modern or Modernist? High Modernism vs. Low Modernism Damian Sun 1238719 University of Waikato â€Æ' Modernism was a movement that was developed during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Modernism developed due to the changes happening in societies at the time. Around the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century there was a rise in the industrial society’s where there were advancements in technologies and machines, and a rapid growths in cities. This lead to aRead MoreThemes of Modernism859 Words   |  4 PagesThemes of Modernism The term Modernism refers to the shift in values and cultural awareness that appeared in the art and literature of the post- World War One period. Modernism showed that there had been a change since the previous Victorian period. The Victorian era and its literature showed a very optimistic outlook on life, but the new era of Modernism rejected this idea and chose to portray life to be extremely pessimistic. Many of the Modern writers showed the world and society to be in anRead MoreModernism Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagesand the understanding of self. They explored the ideas of consciousness, alienation, and inner conflict within the mind, and asked important questions of the reader while testing the boundaries of the soul. Susan Gorsky, perfectly defines literary modernism, in her book Virginia Woolf In striving to present the rapid and often disturbing changes in their world, the writers of this era felt it essential to reform their means of expression. Poetry, Drama, and fictio n were subjected to intensive scrutinyRead MoreEssay on Difference of Modernism and Post Modernism931 Words   |  4 Pages Modernism and Post Modernism Have you ever wondered what the differences are between the modernism and post modernism? It seems like it would be easy to describe what they are by the words and what they are usually associated with. Yet, it’s actually a lot different then your thinking. Modernism is the movement in visual arts, music, literature, and drama, which rejected the old Victorian standards of how art should be made, consumed, and what it should mean. Modernists want the absolute truthRead MoreModernism Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesModernism is characterized by the rejection of tradition. Creatives of the Modernist era questioned what came before, looking for fresh ways to interpret familiar subjects, rejecting historical themes while searching for a means to understand and communicate the present (Medina 1995). Furthermore, Belting (2003, 17) states Modernism embraced â€Å"all the crises and schisms of the modern world†. The key points of this paper will be ascertained through the eval uation of four European Modernist artworks

Net Widening Big Brother Is Watching You Free Essays

Privacy is a right that many Americans take for granted. Americans, for the most part, feel that they have privacy. But do they really? In order for one to achieve individuality and autonomy one must have privacy, which is the key factor. We will write a custom essay sample on Net Widening: Big Brother Is Watching You or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the rapid advances in technology, however, one exchanges their privacy. Should one happen to use a computer to use the Internet, for example, their level of privacy is decreased substantially as you open the door to social control. As Orwell says in 1984, â€Å"Big Brother is watching you. † Ever since the creation of the Internet, more specifically the World Wide Web, the government has utilized Orwellian tactics of surveillance. â€Å"Many parts of the Internet are still kind of like the raw frontier and the Government wants to stake its claim† (TechnoCulture). For instance, in December of 1995, news was released concerning the Government’s intention to fund another ten thousand closed circuit surveillance systems. Even though civil libertarians were assured this action had no sinister motive, responses from most were leery to say the least (â€Å"Big Brother†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). This technology is very similar to that which Steven Mann, MIT computer specialist, uses. His â€Å"wearable wireless webcam† provides anyone logged onto his Internet home address live views of his daily routine. â€Å"The Internet is sprouting eyes. And ears. And vending machines, hot tubs, coffeepots, robot gardeners, and model railroads. The armada of devices plugged into the Internet, in fact, is transforming the network into a bizarre place that falls somewhere between George Orwell’s 1984 and Candid Camera run amok† (TechnoCulture). Intel currently uses the same technology for the cameras they sell for consumers to put on top of their monitors in order to be seen by others. This technology is inside your very computer monitor (â€Å"Eyes On The Net†). How do you know it’s not being utilized to oversee you? Is Big Brother watching you? â€Å"A year ago, there were only a few devices connected to the Internet that any person could freely use. But the number of devices is exploding. Uses for these things are as diverse as a person’s imagination. As devices have proliferated, imaginative applications of telepresence technology have attracted a huge following among rank-and-file Internet users. The implications of such devices have devastating potential† (â€Å"Eyes On The Net†). Another bit of a shocker is that Web pages can actually keep track of the Internet addresses of visitors. This intrinsically is a complete invasion of privacy. Just imagine someone else knows about every Web page you go to. So what? What’s the big deal? The big deal is that this infringement of privacy strips one of their individuality and autonomy. This form of social control can kill individuality. According to JM Balkin, â€Å"Each of us has both a public and private self; the public self we reveal to the world, and the private self we retain control over by withholding it from others. Our ability to provide or withhold aspects of our private selves preserves and constitutes our autonomy. The exchanges of private information, signal intimacy and trust, and their disclosure to third parties is usually thought of as a sign of betrayal† (Understanding†¦). Even if one is unaware of the infringement against them it will still harm their individuality because what you withhold from others is a part of what makes up your individuality. Once others know what you don’t want them to, your individuality is opened and destroyed (Understanding†¦). These violations are already presented in several businesses and educational institutions throughout America (â€Å"WARNING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). These violations produce what Edward Bloustein describes as â€Å"†¦a being that is not an individual. â€Å"A man compelled to live every minute of his life among others and whose every need, thought, fancy, or gratification is subject to public scrutiny merges with the mass and is deprived of individuality and human dignity. † (â€Å"Privacy as an†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). When a collective conscience, in this instance the government, penetrates deeply into everyday affairs, what seems to be trivial can soon escalate into devastation. Privacy vi olations are no different from Nazi totalitarianism. In totalitarian governments, like Nazi Germany, the collective conscience can penetrate all relations between individuals. Such totalitarian governments have killed approximately 115 million people. Once America is filled with non-autonomous drones and a totalitarian stage is set, government genocide, massacres, and other mass killings could likely take place as well. No matter how extreme the possibilities, they must be looked at. Another example of social control is utilized widely on the Internet by the Government but is not as Orwellian as the previous examples. Internet censorship is a form of privacy invasion. The very essence of the Internet is absolute freedom. It’s a cyber-anarchy in which there is peace. However, buried within the Telecommunications Act of 1996 is a clause restricting indecent material from being transmitted across the Internet. â€Å"Note that this is indecent material, not obscene material. There is, in the legal sense, a difference. Obscenity, which is not protected by the First Amendment, must meet this three-pronged test: An average person, applying contemporary community standards, must find the material appeals to prurient interest. The material must depict or describe, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by law. And, the material, taken as a whole, must lack serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value. That is the law’s definition of obscenity, and it is not protected by the First Amendment. It is illegal in all mediums Internet included. What we are talking about is indecency, which is a whole new ball game. These laws will criminalize material ‘available to a person under 18 years of age that depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards, sexual or excretory activities or organs. ’ This is basically fancy talk for indecent material† (â€Å"Censoring Internet is wrong†). That is much broader than the three-pronged definition. It hypothetically includes anything from objectionable music lyrics to movie sound clips to drug store pornography. This is stuff that is all legal, although some of it to people 18 and older. Yet the bill labels it to be illegal to ALL when on the Internet. Whether in electronic form or in a magazine, the material is unchanged. Yet its restrictions change dramatically. While its intentions may be pure the government cannot be allowed to establish the precedent of censoring legal material in any medium at all (â€Å"Censoring Internet is wrong†). Once this happens, we are one step closer to George Orwell’s 1984, where not only computers, but thought as well, are regulated by the Powers That Be† (â€Å"Censoring Internet is wrong†). Now one must also look to the opposite end of the spectrum in all fairness. The technological advances may be worth the sacrifice, if there even is one. As a practical matte r, scientists and engineers see real advantages to telepresence. NASA routinely guides spacecraft millions of miles away, but the Internet offers rudimentary telepresence for the masses. Astronomers at the University of Georgia and three other southeastern universities now operate a 30-inch robot telescope on a mountain in Arizona without ever leaving their offices. Internet users can access government data buoys in the middle of the ocean to check local wind and wave conditions. Californians can now track stream-flow in remote rivers from instruments connected to the Internet. Anyone on the World Wide Web can access a battery of â€Å"weathercams† enabling him or her to actually see the weather. â€Å"Given the groundswell of interest, the day may not be so far off when people water their own plants from afar. Maybe they’ll even figure out a way to feed the cat and walk the dog via the Internet† (TechnoCulture). Does this technology have to be bad? Steven Mann stated: â€Å"Sometimes women ask me to give them a safe escort back to the dorm. If we really want safer streets, maybe we should distribute cameras like mine to everyone. In addition to having a little fun, wearable videocams could become personal safety devices† (TechnoCulture). In fact, this same surveillance technology has succeeded in trapping under-age drinkers and drug users on tape. Police have also used the technology to target local criminals. The video evidence has proven incontrovertible thus leading to swift punishment and safer communities. Just like anything of great responsibility, in the right hands this new technological era can bring forth much good, however, in the wrong hands can bring forth much peril. These advances bring societies closer to Orwellian ones but they also better the societies. If the abuse of this technology does indeed exist, all there is now is the speculation of such an activity. Hopefully it will stay that way. Is Big Brother Watching You? Works Cited Balkin, JM â€Å"Understanding Legal Understanding: The Legal Subject and the Problem of Legal Coherence† (1993) 103 Yale Law Journal 105-176. 1997. â€Å"Big Brother is watching you. † Nd. : n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWW: http://malone. math. soton. ac/postgraduate/students/ Polton/December_1995. html Edward J. Bloustein. â€Å"Privacy as an aspect of human dignity – An Answer to Dean Prosser. † Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology, ed. Ferdinand Schoeman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984) 177. â€Å"Eyes On the Net. † Home Page. Nd. : n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWW: http://www. mitchell. net/article. htm Orwell, George. 1984 New York, Signet. 1949 â€Å"TechnoCulture Archive† Home Page. Nd. : n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWW: http://www. mitchell. net/ant/article. htm â€Å"WARNI NG: Big Brother is watching you† Home Page. Nd. : n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWW:http://www. diku. dk/students/ballerp/big-brother. html How to cite Net Widening: Big Brother Is Watching You, Papers

Report on Management Accounting

Question: The report gives an overview financial performance of two companies, namely The Pearl Company and Gulfa Mineral Water Company. Answer: Introduction The report gives an overview financial performance of two companies, namely The Pearl Company and Gulfa Mineral Water Company. The analysis of the financial performance is based on the findings of several ratios. The first part of the report shows the statement of cash flows of the Pearl Company. It also states the free cash flow which is available with the company at the end of 2015. The latter part of the report shows the financial analysis based on the various types of liquidity ratios and earning test ratios. Some of the important concepts for the rationale of comparing the ratios include computation of the financial ratios such as current ratio, quick ratio and interest coverage ratio. The report also highlights the important changes in the net income for the year 2014 in compare to 2013. The reason for this change has also been shown. Part 1 The statement of cash flows for the year 31st December 2015 has been illustrated below as follows: In the Books of Pearl Company Statement of Cash Flows as on 31st December,2015 Particulars Amount Amount (AED in millions) (AED in millions) Cash Flow from Operational Activity : Net Income 150 Add : Depreciation on Assets Balance on 2015 654 Balance on 2014 561 93 Less : Gain on Sale of Equipments -3 Increase in Current Assets : Closing Balance -1314 Opening Balance -1220 -94 Increase in Current Liabilities: Closing Balance 2015 532 Opening Balance 2014 481 51 Net Cash Inflow from Operational Activities 197 Cash Flow from Investing Activity: Net Purchase of Property, Plant Equipment : Closing Balance of Long Term Assets 2015 -1517 Opening Balance of Long Term Assets 2014 -1394 -123 Net Cash Outflow from Investing Activities -123 Cash Flow from Financing Activity: Cash flow from Debt Financing: Closing Balance of Long Term Liabilities 2015 1011 Opening Balance of Long Term Liabilities 2014 1001 10 Cash flow from Equity Financing: Closing Balance of Share Capital 2015 157 Opening Balance of Share Capital 2014 155 2 Dividend Paid (Balancing Amount) -24 Net Cash Inflow from Financing Activities -12 Net Cash Inflow Increase in the Current Year 62 Add : Opening Balance of Cash Cash Equivalent 29 Closing Balance of Cash Cash Equivalent 91 From the above prepared cash flow statement it can be seen that the first component calculated from the cash flow statement is net cash inflow from the operational activities. In order to compute this value the net income of the company has been considered and the changes in the depreciation in the in the value of assets is added along with it. The balance in the year 2015 was observed as 654 in the year 2015 and 561 in the year 2014. This shows a change of AED 93 million. Several other overheads such as gain on sale of equipments, increase in the value of current assets (both opening and closing) is subtracted from the net income value of the company. The Pearl Company has shown an increase in the opening balance of the current liabilities which was AED 532 million in the year 2015 to AED 481 million this is projected with an increase of AED 51 million in the cash flow statement. After performing all the necessary calculations based on the given data it has been observed that the ne t cash inflow from the operational activities is AED 197 million. (Larkin 2013). The second most important aspect in preparing the cash flow statement is computation of net cash outflow from the investing activities. In order to calculate this value the difference in the opening and closing balance in the opening and closing balance Net Purchase of Property, Plant Equipment for both 2015 and 2015 has been taken into consideration. It can be clearly observed from the given statement that the Closing Balance of Long Term Assets in the year 2015 was (1517) and Opening Balance of Long Term Assets in the year 2014 was (1394). Hence the difference of these two values which is AED (123) million is considered as the net cash outflow from the investing activities. (DimitrijeviĆ¡ 2015). In order to calculate the free cash flow available with the company the cash flow statement clearly shows the calculation of Net Cash Inflow from Financing Activities and Net Cash Inflow Increase in the Current Year. The calculation of the former value is based on cash flow from debt financing. In order to calculate this value the difference between the Closing Balance of Long Term Liabilities for the year 2015 and Opening Balance of Long Term Liabilities for the year 2014 has been taken into consideration. The respective difference of the values was observed as AED 10 million. This value has been further added with the net cash flow from the equity financing value. The closing balance of the share capital has been obtained as 157 in the year 2015 and 155 in the year 2014. This shows a difference of AED 2 million. The dividend paid amount is further subtracted as the balancing amount. Hence the Net Cash Inflow from Financing Activities has been calculated as AED (12) million (Barua a nd Saha 2015). For the purpose of calculating Net Cash Inflow Increase in the Current Year we need to use the following formula Net Cash Inflow Increase = Net Cash Inflow from Operational Activities + Net Cash Outflow from Investing Activities + Net Cash Inflow from Financing Activities = 197-123-12 = AED 62 million. In order to calculate the free cash flow amount available with the company we need to add Opening Balance of Cash Cash Equivalent. The value has been given as AED 29 million. Thus the Closing Balance of Cash Cash Equivalent is AED 91 million. Free cash available with the company = Increase in net cash inflow + Opening Balance of Cash Cash Equivalent = 62+29 = AED 91 million. (Farshadfar and Monem 2013). Part 2 The net income of the company on 2014 was observed as AED 6414305 and AED 4700594 in the year 2013. This shows an increase by 36.47% in the net income of the Gulf Mineral Water Company. This increase shows that the company was able to generate more sales in the year 2014 than in the year 2013. This is clearly stated by the increase in the revenue of the company. According to the given balance sheet data the sales in the year 2013 was AED 51485387 and it further increased to AED 62381921. Although the company had to bear higher amount of cost of sales the gross profit was also higher. This is the reason for higher net profit of the company in the year 2014. Workings: AED 6414305 - AED 4700594 = AED 1713711 Percentage change in net income = 1713711 /4700594 = 0.3647 = 36.47% The percentage of cost of sales is calculated on the basis total sales amount. It can be observed from the balance sheet of 2014 that the total sales amount on December 2014 has been AED 62381921 and cost of sales was AED 40642329. The percentage of cost of sales is observed as 65.15 % Workings: (40642329/62381921) x 100 = 65.15% (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013) The rate of return on average assets (ROAA) is used to determine the profitability of a firms total amount of asset. This rate is often paid emphasis by financial institutions and banks and used to measure the financial performance of a company. It also states the ability of a company to use the available assets efficiently in compare to other industries. In the given balance sheet of Pearl Company, the total average asset for the year 2015 is given as 2177 and 2053 for the year 2014. In order to calculate the rate of return on average assets (ROAA) we need to divide the current years average assets with previous years average assets (Needles et al. 2013). Workings: ROAA = (2177 / 2053) = 1.06 % The rate of return on average shareholders equity is calculated on the basis of net income and shareholders equity. This particular tool is used to reveal the amount of net income return in terms of the total percentage of the value of shareholders equity fund (Beatty and Liao 2014). The net income of the company is observed as AED 6414305. The share holders equity of the company is observed as AED 51189197 for the year 2014. The rate of return on shareholders holders equity is calculated by dividing net income of the company by shareholders equity. The increase in the rate of return from the year 2013 to 2014 shows a positive increase from 2013 to 2014. The workings are shown below as follows. Workings: 2014 6414305/ 51189197 = .125 2013 4700594/44774892 = 0.104 The calculation current ratio, quick ratio and no. of times interest coverage is shown below as follows: Current Ratio In order to calculate the value of current ratio we use Current Ratio = Current Assets/ Current Liability 2014 2015 Current Assets = 1220 Current Liabilities = 481 Current Ratio = 1220/481 = 2.53 Current Assets = 1314 Current Liabilities = 532 Current Ratio = 1314/532 = 2.46 The decrease in the amount of current ratio in the year from 2014 to 2015 shows that the company is having lesser source of liquid flow of money. These sources of liquid money are generated from cash, cash equivalent, short-term investments, Accounts receivable, inventory and other assets. The computation of total current liability is based on liabilities share holders equity, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and accounts payable to the company. The calculation current liabilities also include accounts payable. (Brigham and Daves 2012). Quick Ratio The quick ratio is calculated for the purpose of evaluating companys short term liquidity, and various obligations related to meet the short term liquid assets. This ratio is often referred as acid test ratio. It can be calculated by using two methods. In order to determine the quick ratio we need to consider the following formula: Quick Ratio = (Current Assets Inventory Prepaid Expenses)/ Current Liabilities Bank Overdraft* Note (*) Bank overdraft is generally excluded if the amount is payable on demand. 2014 2015 Current Assets = 1220 Inventory = 527 Current Liabilities = 481 Quick Ratio = (1220-527)/481 = 1.44 Current Assets = 1314 Inventory = 574 Current Liabilities = 532 Quick Ratio = (1314-574)/532 = 1.39 Similarly another method for the purpose of calculating the quick ratio is Quick Ratio = (Cash and equivalents +marketable securities+ accounts receivable) / current liabilities able width="638" 2014 2015 Cash and equivalents = 29 Accounts receivable = 600 Current Liabilities = 481 Quick Ratio = (29+ 600)/481 = 1.30 Cash and equivalents = 91 Accounts receivable = 605 Current Liabilities = 532 Quick Ratio = (91+ 605)/ 532 = 1.29 The interest coverage ratio of the company is calculated in order to determine the easiness the pay off the interest amount on the total outstanding debt of the company. The calculation is based on dividing the earnings before interest and tax with the interest expenses. Hence the formula used to calculate the interest coverage ratio is: Interest Coverage Ratio = Earnings before Interest and Tax (EBIT)/ Interest Expense Earnings before Interest and Tax = 231 Interest Expenses = 91 Interest Coverage Ratio = 231/91 = 2.5 times It is preferable for a company to maintain the interest coverage ratio more than 1.5. In this case we can clearly see that the company has been able to maintain the ratio 2.5 times, hence it can easily payoff the interest amount on the outstanding debt of the company. (Heikal et al. 2014). Based on the interest coverage ratio and other financial indicators for assessing companys performance such as current ratio and acid test ratio it can be stated that the company does not have the potential to the meet its long term debts. Although the ideal ratio for maintaining the interest coverage ratio is 1 times more than the standard ratio which is 1.5, the bank cannot finance the company to meet its long term obligations. It can be observed from the comparative balance sheet that Pearl company has been incapable of meeting the long term bank loan of the company which was AED 200 million in the year 2014 and same as AED 200 in the year 2015, this illustrates that the company has been to unable to pay off its long term loan and the total loan amount payable remained the same. (Iyer et al. 2014). Moreover it has been observed that the financial ratios are in the increasing trend, this shows the improvement trend of the company in terms of financial performance. It can be clearly seen that the current ratio of the company has decreased from 2.53 to 2.46 in the year 2015; this states the decrease in the firms liquid asset to pay off its liabilities. The acid test ratio also gives the projections about the inability of the company to meet its short term liquidity obligations has made an questioning impact on whether it will be able to meet the bank loan. In case of severe financial crunch, the company can look forward to incest its some portion of capital in the Government bonds, at a risk free rate as it will be the safest option for the company to exercise. The decision to invest in the shares of the company is dependent on average rate of return on shareholders holders equity. The share holders equity of the company for the year 2014 is observed as AED 51189197. The rate of return on shareholders holders equity is calculated by dividing net income of the company by shareholders equity. The increase in the rate of return from the year 2013 to 2014 has depicted an increasing trend and hence an investor may look forward to invest in the share of Pearl Company. Moreover from the data given in comparable balance sheet it can seen that the share capital in the year 2015 was AED 157 millions and AED 155 million in the year 2014, this shows an increment in the share capital of the company by AED 3 million. Hence from an investors point of view, it will be lucrative to invest in the shares of the Pearl Company. Conclusion The report shows the import aspects of the cash flow statement of the company by clearly stating the cash flow from operational activities, Cash Flow from Investing Activity, Cash Flow from Financing Activity and Net Cash Inflow Increase in the Current Year. The main objective of preparation of the cash flow statement was to compute the value of Closing Balance of Cash Cash Equivalent, which was observed as AED 91 million. The latter portion of the report clearly shows the declining situation of the company in terms of liquidly obligations and the ability to meet its long term debt. Despite of several financial downturns the shareholders have potential to gain from this company due to increasing return on shares and increasing share capital. Reference List Barua, S. and Saha, A.K., 2015. Traditional Ratios vs. Cash Flow based Ratios: Which One is Better Performance Indicator?. Advances in Economics and Business, 3(6), pp.232-251. Beatty, A. and Liao, S., 2014. Financial accounting in the banking industry: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58(2), pp.339-383. Brigham, E.F. and Daves, P.R., 2012. Intermediate financial management. Nelson Education. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013. Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. DimitrijeviĆ¡, D., 2015. The detection and prevention of manipulations in the balance sheet and the cash flow statement. Ekonomski horizonti, 17(2), pp.137-153. Farshadfar, S. and Monem, R., 2013. Further evidence on the usefulness of direct method cash flow components for forecasting future cash flows. The international journal of accounting, 48(1), pp.111-133. Heikal, M., Khaddafi, M. and Ummah, A., 2014. Influence Analysis of Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Debt To Equity Ratio (DER), and current ratio (CR), Against Corporate Profit Growth In Automotive In Indonesia Stock Exchange. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(12), p.101. Iyer, R., Peydr, J.L., da-Rocha-Lopes, S. and Schoar, A., 2014. Interbank liquidity crunch and the firm credit crunch: Evidence from the 20072009 crisis. Review of Financial studies, 27(1), pp.347-372. Larkin, Y., 2013. Brand perception, cash flow stability, and financial policy. Journal of Financial Economics, 110(1), pp.232-253. Needles, B.E., Powers, M. and Crosson, S.V., 2013. Financial and managerial accounting. Nelson Education.