French Hyphens Dashes - Le Tiret et le trait dunion

Hyphens and m-dashes are important in both English and French, but they are considerably more common in the latter. This lesson explains when, why, and how to use hyphens and m-dashes in French. I. Trait dunion  -  Hyphen No space before or after A.  Rapport :  Indicate a link between words or parts of words. 1. Compound words grand-mà ¨re, couvre-lit, quatre-vingts 2. Hyphenatednames Jean-Luc, Marie-Lise 3. Imperative + pronoun aide-moi, fais-le, allez-y 4. Inversion veux-tu, pouvez-vous, a-t-il 5. Prefixes non-fumeur, quasi-collision 6. Set expressions c'est-à  -dire, vis-à  -vis 7. Suffixes celui-ci, cet homme-là   B.  Cà ©sure :  Link the parts of a word that breaks at the end of a line such as  Je veux aller à   la bou- tique. II. Tiret  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  M-dash Space before and after A. Élà ©ments d'une liste : — deux bananes— une pomme— un kilo de fraises B. Incise : Emphasize a comment (aside, interjection, etc) Quand j'à ©tais à   la banque — quelle horreur ! — je l'ai vu.Paul — mon meilleur ami — va arriver demain. C. Dialogue : Indicate each change of speaker — J'ai vu Michel aujourd'hui.— Ah bon ?— Oui, il à ©tait avec sa fille.

The Education System Of The United States - 1090 Words

The education system in the United States is a problem. One problem is that many of the students attending school today live in poverty. Another problem with the education system is that the curriculums are not being altered to the skills needed in the world today. Furthermore, students are not allowed to use their individual learning styles in the classroom. The education system today has many flaws that are not being fixed. Many students in the education system are living in poverty. Students who live in poverty do not perform as well as those from more advantaged households. According to Lyndsey Layton â€Å"A majority of students in public schools throughout the American South and West are low-income for the first time in at least four†¦show more content†¦Another problem with our education system is that students are not taught technical nor business skills needed to succeed in the world today. The world is constantly changing, however, the education system is not chan ging along with it. According to Scott Gerber â€Å"While organizations like Junior Achievement (JA) educate students in work readiness and provide hands-on experience in financial planning for kids K-12,many of these programs are underfunded, and find it difficult to work within current infrastructures — even in situations where traditional system cannot offer other alternatives† ( â€Å"Here’s the Real Problem With America’s Educational System†). Students are not prepared to go into the work force simply because they do not obtain the right set of skills. The world is always advancing with new technologies and techniques. Gerber states in his article â€Å"Whether we’re training the next generation of entrepreneurs or entrepreneurially minded individuals, we must ensure our support systems catch up to the current-day needs of America’s workforce — or risk losing our standing as innovators† (â€Å"Here’s the Rea l Problem With America’s Educational System†). If students are not being taught the technical and business skills needed in the world today they will be unprepared for the future. Moreover, every student has a different style by which they learn. Every student has a different way in which they can better

Tylenols Rebound free essay sample

This paper is in reference to the ethical issues related to the corporate and personal decision-makings surrounding the Tylenol product recalls, and the reputation of the brand name. This paper will focus on the rebound tactics Johnson Johnson along with their advertising company, Compton Advertising, took in efforts to recover from such devastation. Tylenol’s Crisis In 1982, Tylenol discovered that their Tylenol Extra Strength capsules been tampered with subjected to a Cyanide-lace poison, which took the lives of seven people in the Chicago area. This distress sent the company, manufactured by international health-products Johnson Johnson in a panic causing them to pull millions of bottles off the market. This crisis sent the company from a 35. 4% margin via the over-the-counter analgesics market to a shaky 18. 3% by the end of the year. However, within one year from the crisis, Tylenol recouped a market of 28. 6% of the $1. 2-billion market of the non-prescription pain relievers, or in another retrospect, 80% of its total prior to the crisis (Gini Marcoux 2009, p36). We will write a custom essay sample on Tylenols Rebound or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Recovery Plan Though the product recall was quite extensive (media, messages and tests of the capsules) costing the company tens of millions of dollars and a tarnished reputation, Johnson Johnson along with their advertising company, Compton Advertising, backing out and letting the name brand since the late 1950’s and quite was not an option for them. Though the set back was huge, this affected several non-prescription drugs pertaining to how they being packaged. Within the first few hours after the poisonings were traced to Tylenol’s capsules, Johnson Johnson set up their task force with their top executives. Their main concerns for the company were to first, assist the damage sustained to the company, and determine how to overcome this ordeal. The Compton Advertising team contemplated on resurfacing the product under a new name, but Johnson Johnson worried that this would worsen their potential for business (Gini Marcoux 2009, p37). Johnson Johnson desired to find an ethical way to resurface their product and how they did this was sheer genius. Decisions To Be Made The first major decision carried out by Johnson Johnson was to pull out two lots of Tylenol capsules from the shelves of Chicago. Second was to halt all advertising, within the next few days, the capsules were removed from the market nation wide. Their third step was to launch a consumer research team to judge on the public’s perception of the company. Their fourth decision was for Compton Advertising to run a newspaper advertisement approximately ten-days after the tragedy and offer to swap tablets for capsules, after learning that the capsules were the tainted product. Finally, the decision was made to generate tamper resistant packaging to ensure the safety of their products (Gini Marcoux 2009, p37). Strategies were also being developed on how to rebuild the brand and what advertising curve could they develop once the crisis was over. The company took the outlet of offering coupons for consumers, and discounts for retailers. Finally, the company received a letter from the Food Drug Administration stating that they were satisfied with their investigation of finding no criminal tampering with the product at the plant, which manufactured the product. This gave Johnson Johnson the wild card and quickly publicized this letter in hopes of erasing the doubts of their product. Though the company had hoped for a great outcome, the chairman of Johnson Johnson decided to hold off on pressing the new advertisements since this was near Halloween, they feared this release would spark a series of ‘copycat’ crimes. Once the ad aired, great response was received. Many people in the consumer market felt that it was not Tylenol’s fault on the tragic deaths, and that they would indeed continue to purchase the product once it was offered in a tamper resistant container (Gini Marcoux 2009, Pp. 7-38). Conclusion Though the company of Johnson Johnson took a $100-million pretax write-off on the Tylenol losses for the 1982 deaths, Tylenol contributed as estimated 7% of Johnson Johnson’s worldwide sales of $5. 4-billion and between 15% and 20% of its profits of $467. 6-million in 1981. Consumer choices are what brought this company back from the huge blow they endured over the deaths. Brand reputation plays a great role in advertising and marke ting.

Lab Questions Phylum Annelida free essay sample

Earthworms (class Oligocene) and marine polychrome worms (class polyphosphate) have bristles (chaste) protruding from their body segments, while leeches (class hardliner) lack these bristles. The function of these bristles (chaste)? 5. Annelids have the following type Of ocelot condition a. Callous b. Pseudonymous c. Schoolhouses coleuses d. Interlocutors coleuses Which other phyla have this type of ocelot? 6. Are annelids covered with cuticle or with chitin? How does cuticle differ from chitin? Can annelids molt? What is 7. When an annelid grows with age, it increases its number of its segments.Which end (anterior or posterior) of the worm has the most recently formed segments? 8. Describe the annelids digestive system [list the structures and their appearance, location and function]. 9. Describe the annelids circulatory system. Is it open or closed? How many hearts does an earthworm have? Where are they located? Describe the path blood takes through the worms body. 10. Describe the annelids respiratory (gas exchange) system. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Questions Phylum Annelida or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Does it have lungs? Gills? How does it accomplish gas exchange? Why do annelids have to live in moist habitats? 11. Describe the excretory system of the annelid.How is this different from what other worm phyla have possessed? 12. Describe the function and location of nephritic (organs). Nephritic are part of the organ system. 13. Describe the annelids nervous system. Does it have one brain, or one major brain and several ganglia. .. Anyway You tell me. Where are their ganglia? How many nerve cords do they have and where are they? Continue On from here. 14. Are annelids unconscious or decision? Describe the annelid reproductive system. 15. Describe mating in earthworms. Can an earthworm fertilize its own eggs? Can it have sex with itself? 16.What is the function of an annelids clientele? 17. What characteristics define members of phylum annelid? 18. Describe the characteristics of each of the following classes (similarities and differences): polyphosphate, Oligocene, hardliner. I would suggest making an extensive table. 19. What are paradox? Who has them? 20. Describe the eye of the Nereid worm. 21 . What is meant by sedentary? In tube-dwelling polyphosphates, does the worm move with the tube (the worm being attached to the tube) or does the tube stay in place and the worm can freely move through the tube? What is the tube made out of [what is its composition]? . Explain the function/s of the tentacles in polyphosphates. 23. Describe reproduction in polyphosphates and notice how it differs from sex in earthworms. 24. What type of larva do polyphosphates have? Who else has a Terpsichore larva? Do all annelids have a Terpsichore larva? If not, who does and who does not? What habitat works for a Terpsichore larva? Is the Terpsichore larva a useful characteristic for linking phyla? Explain your answer. 25. In what ways are mollusks and annelids linked [what characteristics do they share]? 26. Earthworms are members of class Oligocene. Translate the words polyphosphate and Oligocene.

PROPOSITION 218 Essays - Property Taxes, Politics Of California

PROPOSITION 218 Essays - Property Taxes, Politics Of California PROPOSITION 218 Introduction California voters have spoken again. On November 6, they passed (56%) Proposition 218, marking the continued fiscal conservatism of the state's electorate and their frustration with what has been characterized as the arrogance and inefficiency of government. (SF Chronicle Staff, SF Chronicle: 11/6/96). As Bob Therrien of Ventura stated in his letter to the LA Times "Prop 13 and Prop 218 are the direct result of taxpayer abuse by our elected officials. Its time for government to do some serious soul-searching as to its duties, including the right of the people to have minimum intrusive government." (Therrien, LA Times, 10/13/96). There are two primary political impacts of Prop 218. The first is to take the power to levy taxes and assessments out of the hands of local government and put it into the hands of the general populace, and the second is to strengthen the control of the State government over local affairs. In essence, combined with Prop 13, local government officials have been told by its citizenry - here's a level of taxes, fees, charges and assessments you can collect from us without asking our permission for more. Mechanically, this is somewhat debilitating because getting voter approval is a slow and, often, expensive process. The schedule of elections does not allow for a rapid enough response to deal with the speed of today's demands. A case in point has already occurred in the City of Inglewood where the City has pulled back its offer to help finance a sports arena because Prop 218 knocked out taxes needed to support this effort and it would not be able to go before its voters until April 1997. This has given the City of Los Angeles "a leg up in getting a new sports facility at its downtown Convention Center" and may cause Inglewood to lose both the Lakers and the Kings, which would result in a significant negative financial impact. (Belgum & Merl, LA Times: 11/8/96).! In another example, the City of South Pasadena decided to cancel a special election for a utility tax which was scheduled in December and would have cost $25,000. (LA Times Staff, LA Times: 9/20/96). The LA Times, in a post-election article raised an interesting point when it said " the legislature and the governor must come to terms with the huge new burdens put on local governments... Sacramento, now flush with revenues, should help solve the problem by restoring property tax revenues to local government." (LA Times Staff, LA Times: 11/7/96). Although a potential short-term solution, it does give the State government an additional level of control of local government action (the other golden rule - he who has the gold rules) and, in effect, directly contradicts one of the intents of Prop 218's sponsors of putting more control in the hands of the local citizenry. It is my opinion that Prop 218 is another aspect of a developing trend toward a realignment of American society away from a representative democracy toward a desire for a general democracy (whether or not this will really work is another matter altogether). It is part of the citizenry's way of saying to both elected and appointed government officials that government has lost its trust. Background In 1978, the California electorate passed Prop 13 which set property taxes at a maximum rate of 1% of the property's assessed value and limited annual assessment increases to 2% until the property is sold, at which time the assessment adjusts to sales price, or there is construction or improvements to the property. Prop 13 also requires approval of two-thirds of the Legislature to raise state taxes and two-thirds of the local voters to raise special taxes. Since the passage of Prop 13, local government and the State Legislature have devised a number of ways to finance their operations. These have included increasing the use of assessments from capital specific to revenue general, expanding the use of Community Facilities Districts to charge "fees" citywide, and charging user type fees and taxes (i.e. - utility, hotel occupancy). Although challenged a number of times in court, California courts have, generally, upheld these practices. According to lawyers at O'Melveny & Myers (a major California law firm which represents many local governments), after a

SUMMARY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SUMMARY - Essay Example Before the Revolution erupted in the United States, the planning and designing of the community -- in the spatial/physical sense -- in the Colonial America were largely held by an individual grantee. An imitation of the 17th-century (or much earlier) European urban planning, the structuring and/or restructuring of places or towns in the pre-revolutionary America was under the sole power of an individual person. The grantor or donor was usually a high ranking official -- with respect to Europe, it was the royal king/queen who made and dispensed land ownership to certain person -- who gave to an individual an authority to configure or reconfigure a particular municipality or town. In the early 18th-century America, for instance, a man named James Oglethorpe was given a land grant wherein he created or recreated the Savannah landscape. In Oglethorpe’s design plan, the configuration is prominently four-sided. Drawn in vertical and horizontal lines that converge as square blocks, O glethorpe’s Savannah is a type of urban planning which is a characteristic of his time. It is noteworthy that Oglethorpe’s planning design is almost symmetrical to William Penn’s 1682 Philadelphia plan. Of their similarities are the street patterns, presence of the public open spaces, and grid-block designs. And of their differences are the specific location of open spaces and the particular spatial dimension of primary and secondary roadways. As it seems, the municipal and/or urban landscape visible in the Colonial America in the pre-revolution era was greatly determined or decided by an individual grantee. In the process, he possessed the capacity or legitimacy to shape or form the place according to his taste and liking. In the Revolution era, on the other hand, the town/urban planners shifted from the grantee to a specific group orientation -- particularly the commercial elite. The monarchy or its representation in the former Colonial America essentially los t its power to grant or award a piece of land to a single person. In this historical period, individualism or commercialism dominated over the system of monarchy or hierarchy. In general, the municipal power or political grip was greatly overridden by the â€Å"enormous growth pressures.† With the American Revolution also came the emergence of the industrial revolution in America. As a consequence, business and commerce seemed to rule in the newly born land of the free -- which included the free trade. It is noteworthy that the role of the state or political institution marked in the United States in the early period of the Revolution era was apparently undefined, if not ambiguous, in relation to the urban planning. That is to say, the U.S. Government, in its early establishment and institutionalization, significantly lacks the authority or arguably the will to control the spatial/physical configuration of the American landscape, seascape, and air-scape. Perhaps the absence o f political control or authority in the design and plan of the communities -- in the artistic or architectural strand -- was due largely to the fundamental principles held dearly by the American revolutionists: individualism or liberal politics. Indeed, liberalism became the popular philosophical system in the revolutionary America. Thence, the group of elite -- those who are well-off in the American society -- was able to secure the power or control over land and land

Gene therapy (stem cell and non viral vectors) Essay

Gene therapy (stem cell and non viral vectors) - Essay Example The second approach insists on knocking out or inactivating the muted improperly functioning gene (Al-Dosari, 2009). Lastly, the third approach looks forward to the introduction of a new gene in to the patient’s body to help in fighting the diseases. Chemical vectors in the form of cationic lipids and cationic polymers are known to form condensed complexes with negatively charged DNA via electrostatic forms. Studies have shown that the formed complexes that protect DNA matter and bolster cell uptake coupled with intracellular delivery. Among the most common chemical-based, non-viral vectors are Cationic Lipids (Mukherjee & Thrasher, 2013). Cationic Lipids share similar structures of positively charged hydrophilic, and hydrophobic tails linked via a linker structure. Responsible for the binding of with the cathode phosphate group in the nuclei acids are the positively charged head groups. On the other hand, the hydrophobic tails are typically composed of moieties, cholesterol, and aliphatic chains (Al-Dosari & Gao, 2009). Cationic lipids are mostly applied in the process of liposuction, as such, Al-Dosari & Gao, (2009) coin as the mostly applied gene delivery method. They claim that widely applied co-lipids are cholesterol and DO PE. Transfection tends to be high for lipid composition with high degrees of membrane fluidity. The specified cells particularly well tolerate localized injection. In addition, the method is ideal for DNA-based vaccines development. The method has widely been applied in the direct transfer of skin and thyroid cancer cells for the facilitation of conventional chemotherapy Schlaepfer & Eckel, (2009). Andrà © et al., (2006) showed that following vivo intra-tumoral transfer of short hairpin RNA expression, the total reversal of the phenotype of MDRI and increased efficacy of chemotherapy in thyroid tumor growths inhibition is achievable. Localized injection has demonstrated potential in vivo gene delivery research. For instance,